U.S. President Donald Trump’s “Liberation Day” has arrived. But with new “reciprocal” duties announced against the country’s most prominent trade partners, it’s likely that many Americans will find themselves feeling more shackled by growing financial burdens than emancipated from participation in the global economy.
At a televised ceremony from the White House Rose Garden, the president listed a litany of perceived abuses perpetuated by other nations against America’s domestic industry and economy, and elucidated a plan that includes a 10 percent universal baseline tariff and proportionately heightened duties on goods from across the globe.
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“For decades, our country has been looted, pillaged, raped and plundered by nations near and far, both friend and foe alike,” he said. “American steel workers, auto workers, farmers and skilled craftsmen…they really suffered gravely. They watched in anguish as foreign leaders have stolen our jobs. Foreign cheaters have ransacked our factories, and foreign scavengers have torn apart our once beautiful American dream.”
The president signed an executive order establishing new duty rates equivalent to half or less of the average tariff value charged by about 60 countries. The calculation of the new duty rates also accounted for the impacts of “non-monetary barriers and other forms of cheating,” Trump said.
The changes include 34-percent tariffs on China-made goods, 20-percent duties on products from the European Union, 46-percent duties on Vietnam, 32-percent tariffs on Taiwan, 24-percent tariffs on Japan, 26-percent duties on India, 25-percent duties on South Korea, 36-percent tariffs on Thailand, 49-percent duties on Cambodia, 37-percent duties on Bangladesh and 32-percent duties on Indonesia. China, Vietnam and Bangladesh alone account for 49 percent of U.S. apparel imports.
Trump also signed a second executive order ending the de minimis trade exception, which allows shipments worth $800 or less to enter the country-free — a cornerstone of the business models employed by Asia-based e-commerce titans like Shein and Temu. The trade “loophole” will close on May 2.
“Chronic trade deficits are no longer merely an economic problem. They’re a national emergency that threatens our security and our very way of life,” Trump said, indicating that the changes will go into effect on Thursday.
While Canada and Mexico were not mentioned during Wednesday’s address, the White House indicated afterward that the existing International Emergency Economic Powers Act executive order announced by Trump in February, which charges both countries a 25-percent duty on goods not compliant with the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or USMCA, will continue.
Trump threatened in recent weeks to blanket all imports from both countries with new duties (whether or not they were covered by the free-trade agreement), much to the consternation of Mexican and Canadian leaders. But the White House announcement indicated that USMCA-compliant goods, like textiles and apparel, will continue to see a 0 percent duty rate.
The president may have been swayed by behind-the-scenes negotiations with heads of state; Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum announced early Wednesday that the nation would not engage in a tit-for-tat trade war with the U.S.
Europe: ‘We Have a Strong Plan to Retaliate’
With Trump’s announcement taking place well after business hours across the Atlantic, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen made her sentiments — and the trade bloc’s agenda — known preemptively.
“Our immediate response to tariffs is unity and determination. I have already been in contact with our heads and state of state and government on the next steps…and we will assess tomorrow the announcements very carefully to calibrate our response,” she said Tuesday.
While the EU is willing to work with the White House to further solidify the “nearly balanced” scales of goods and services trade, the Commission president reiterated that Europe “has not started this confrontation.”
“We do not necessarily want to retaliate, but if it is necessary, we have a strong plan to retaliate,” she said, noting that “firm countermeasures” will be taken against U.S. duties. The EU will also continue to work to diversify trade with other partners and “double down on our single market” by removing remaining trade barriers between European nations.
“Of course, there are severe issues in the world of trade, without any question over capacities. We know about the imbalances. We see unfair subsidies, denial of market access or the IP theft,” she added. “And I hear Americans when they say that some others have taken advantage of the rules. I agree. We also suffer from it, so let’s work on it. But tariffs across the board, make things work worse, not better.”
Fashion Industry Advocates Weigh In
Industry trade groups in Washington responded quickly to Trump’s Rose Garden announcements — and many bemoaned the impacts the new tariff structure will have on U.S. retail.
National Retail Federation executive vice president of government relations David French said the heightened duties would contribute to “more anxiety and uncertainty for American businesses and consumers.”
“While leaders in Washington may not care about higher prices, hardworking American families do,” he added. “Voters do not see tariffs as helping vulnerable communities including blue-collar workers, rural communities, families with young children, low-income households, the elderly and farmers. Tariffs are a tax paid by the U.S. importer that will be passed along to the end consumer. Tariffs will not be paid by foreign countries or suppliers.”
Beyond this, “the immediate implementation of these tariffs is a massive undertaking and requires both advance notice and substantial preparation by the millions of U.S. businesses that will be directly impacted,” he said.
The U.S. Fashion Industry Association said it was “deeply disappointed” by the administration’s decision to impose new duties on imports, saying it would “particularly affect American fashion brands and retailers.”
According to the group, some of the countries targeted with “worst offender” tariffs are major suppliers for American importers and also important customers for U.S.-made exports.
“The fashion industry depends on global supply chains more than perhaps any other sector of manufactured goods. For instance, a bale of cotton might be grown in Texas, shipped to Europe to be spun into yarn, sent to Korea for fabric production, then to Vietnam for garment assembly, and finally to the U.S. for retail sale—back in Texas,” the group said, illustrating the global reach of the fashion supply chain.
“Americans cannot afford another round of price increases,” added Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA) senior executive vice president of public affairs Michael Hanson.
The new duties on household goods like clothing will raise costs across the board, he said. “The President’s plan is not a targeted attempt to protect American innovation or national security but will hit every family’s budget.”
Urging the White House to “reconsider its course,” Hanson said, “These newly announced tariffs—and the expected retaliatory tariffs on American businesses — risk destabilizing the U.S. economy, undermining the goals of bolstering domestic manufacturing and growth.”
Footwear Distributors and Retailers of America president and CEO Matt Priest agreed, warning that “If the administration moves forward without a clear, measured process, we risk another wave of ‘shrinkflation’ — where Americans pay more but get less.”
The group’s senior vice president, Andy Polk, added that previous duty hikes, including the 1890 McKinley Tariff and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of the 1930s, resulted in increased prices, trade retaliation, and economic downturns.
“Regardless of the era, the consequences of high tariffs and retaliations remain largely the same,” he said. “When costs rise, consumers lose. History tells us that these policies don’t just impact businesses — they hit American families at the checkout line.”
Some duty rates for children’s shoes top 90 percent, he added, noting that footwear has always been among the most heavily tariffed consumer goods. “President McKinley later regretted his high-tariff policies, and history may repeat itself,” he added.